Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(3):471-499 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1455
In the literature, it is still thought that to combat budget deficits, the state struggles to adjust the relationship between government revenues and spending. Accordingly, the causality relationship between government revenues and spending is generally explained through four main hypotheses: tax-spending, spending-tax, fiscal synchronization and institutional separation hypotheses. In addition to the doubt that the first and the only step in the fight against the budget deficit is government revenues and government expenditures, there are various uncertainties in the studies on this subject in the literature. There is no consensus on the subject due...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(3):447-470 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1459
Production in Turkey has a high dependence on imported inputs. Therefore, the policy aiming at increasing exports through the depreciated national currency leads to different results depending on the degree of dependence on imported inputs. In this context, this study econometrically analyses increases in exports of manufacturing and service industries which have different levels of imported input dependence. The analysis findings indicate that national currency depreciation leads to competitive effects in the manufacturing industry, but not in the service sector. The effect of labour costs, on the other hand, is much lower in the manufacturing industry...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(3):418-446 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1454
In this paper, we present the results of a study examining whether the European Union, where countries act in common on many issues such as monetary policy, abolition of borders and mobilization of labour and capital, also constitutes a union in terms of energy security. From this point of view, whether the energy security risk in the European Union has converged or not is tested by using various analysis methods covering the period 1980-2018 for 17 EU countries. The findings of the study not only reveal whether individual countries converge to the group average but also show whether the group as a whole forms a convergent outlook. The linear unit...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(2) Special Issue I:397-417 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1492
Energy efficiency is the cost-effective utilization of energy in the production process, whereby energy waste is minimized and the overall depletion of primary energy resources is curtailed. Improving energy efficiency enables countries to abate the rising CO2 emissions by efficient utilization of energy. Hence, energy efficiency is a source of improving environmental performance. This study examines the deep determinants of energy efficiency in BRICS countries. The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of effective governance on energy efficiency in BRICS countries. This study utilizes both fixed-effect and random-effect...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(2) Special Issue I:366-396 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1457
Emerging economies are consistently targeting advanced approaches to attain sustainable development while reducing their risk exposure and factors simultaneously. This research examines the influence of political risk, digitization and environmental policies, along with a set of economic and environmental factors, on the sustainable development of the BRICS economies. For the period from 1990 to 2020, the diagnostic tests confirmed a mixed order of integration. Therefore, the autoregressive distributed lag test is utilized and the results show that political risk, mineral resources and exports are harmful to sustainable development in the short run...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(2) Special Issue I:329-365 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1485
This study investigates the relationship between natural disasters, institutional factors, environmental poverty and climate-related migration. The analysis focuses on 112 countries, representing 95% of natural disasters globally from 1992 to 2021, using regression models and clustering countries by their vulnerability and resilience. Key findings show that although improved transport infrastructure can aid in recovery, it may also increase exposure to disaster-affected areas, causing higher mortality. At the same time, sanitation availability significantly reduces mortality and migration in affected regions. The study highlights the need for disaster...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(2) Special Issue I:297-328 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1486
In the empirical determination of the factors influencing the clean energy transition, the BRICS economies have initiated various policy reforms, such as increased R&D budgets, improvements in technology and political stability. This study analyses the critical role of political risk and economic growth, natural resources, research and development and technological innovation in the clean energy transition in the period 1990-2022. Using panel econometric approaches, this study confirms the heterogeneity of slopes and cross-sectional dependence. Using linear regression with the heteroscedastic panel-corrected standard error approach, the results...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(2) Special Issue I:275-296 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1458
This study investigates the asymmetric effects of political stability and corruption on ecological footprint using time series data from 1984 to 2021 for Pakistan. The paper uses the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) method to get accurate results regarding the positive and negative shocks of political stability. Besides, the NARDL method is utilized to identify the cointegrating link between the parameters, with a particular focus on uncovering asymmetric consequences in the long term. In addition, this research also includes natural resources, urbanization and economic progress in the model. The study results show that (i) political...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(2) Special Issue I:243-274 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1488
Too much of a good thing can ultimately become detrimental. Is this the case in the manufacturing industry's carbon governance under the guise of digitization? This study examines the non-linear effect of low-carbon environmental governance at the provincial level in China's manufacturing sector which is the first of its kind. Using the slacks-based measure data envelopment approach (SBM-DEA), this study assesses changes in environmental governance performance over time, accounting for desirable and undesirable outputs. The findings indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between manufacturing digitization and low-carbon environmental governance...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(2) Special Issue I:215-242 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1470
In today's rapidly evolving world, the transition towards green energy remains momentous in attaining ecological sustainability. In this respect, the present study intends to elucidate factors influencing the green energy transition in OECD economies from 2004 to 2020. We use several diagnostic measures to validate the heterogeneity of slopes and cross-sectional dependence in the panel. Nevertheless, cointegration exists between the study variables, such as green energy, political risk, economic risk, financial risk, human capital, eco-innovation and energy efficiency. Using fixed effect and random effect approaches, we conclude that political risk,...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(2) Special Issue I:179-214 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1428
The main objective of this study is to analyse the impact of environmental poverty (EP), environmental regulation (ENVR), financial constraints (FNC) and political instability (PIST) on carbon dioxide emissions (abbr. CO2e), with other variables including international collaboration in green technology development (ICGTD), hybrid electric vehicle technology (HEVT) and gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC). The augmented mean group estimator approach is chosen to gauge the long-term coefficients. The findings indicate that strengthening ENVR in Asian countries can reduce CO2e...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(2) Special Issue I:157-178 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1431
Environmental poverty is a global concern for developed and developing economies, particularly in light of sustainable development goals. Unlike previous research, this study evaluates the role of political risk index and income level on environmental poverty in developed regions, namely, OECD economies in the period 2004-2022. We also examine the role of renewable energy consumption. We initially developed a multidimensional index for assessing weighted average environmental poverty alongside a novel index to gauge political risk within OECD economies. We employ several panel econometric procedures, including cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity,...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(1):152-156 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1471
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(1):125-151 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1453
The relationship between monetary policy and inequality has received limited attention in the economics literature. This study aims to contribute to the literature by examining the relationship between monetary policy and income inequality in developing countries, specifically by analysing the results of the Turkish experiment. The local projection method was used to determine the relationship between monetary policy shocks, obtained through the VAR model, and the calculated inequality measures. The main findings of the study suggest that monetary policy can potentially influence the distribution of total income, particularly when the monetary policy...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(1):88-124 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1445
The main purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of GDP, trade openness, the freedom index and the internet on FDI in 54 countries, including developing, transition and developed countries, over the period 1995-2021. First, the variables affecting FDI are determined. Then, first- and second-generation unit root tests are conducted for panel data to investigate stationarity. Finally, long- and short-run relationships between variables that have an effect on FDI are exhibited with panel cointegration tests and panel ARDL analysis. Among 17 candidate variables, internet, GDP, the freedom index and trade openness are determined to affect FDI. GDP,...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(1):58-87 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1449
The interaction between socioeconomic disparities and environmental degradation, which is highly pertinent to the issue of climate change, has garnered significant scholarly attention globally. Despite the critical importance of climate change in political economy, research into labour markets and environmental policies remains limited in the current literature. Therefore, the present study discusses the implementation of China's low-carbon city pilot policy (LCCPP) as an exogenous policy shock. Utilizing A-share data from listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges spanning the period 2007-2020, we employ a multiperiod difference-in-differences...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(1):31-57 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1450
This study investigates the effect of resource rent on infrastructural development in Africa and how governance institutions moderate this relationship. The pooled OLS and the dynamic system GMM estimation techniques are adopted with a panel of 52 African economies over the period 2005-2022. We find that resource rent significantly hampers infrastructural development in Africa, thereby reflecting the prevalence of the "natural resource curse" phenomenon. We also find that the unconditional effects of governance institutions are mainly negative and significant, which aptly reflects the presence of weak institutions in Africa. Interestingly, our results...
Politická ekonomie 2025, 73(1):1-30 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1451
The paper focuses on identifying the main factors affecting the motivation of labour market participation in connection to the system of assistance in material need and the subsistence minimum. The results of the analysis show that (i) assistance in material need itself lowers the motivation to work, but in Slovakia, the difference between net household income from work after finding a job and the net social income during unemployment is increasing in time; (ii) house-holds with incomes below the subsistence minimum react to these changes most sensitively; and (iii) increases in the assistance in material need negatively affect the motivation to work,...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(6):985-1013 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1446
This study investigates the relationship between economic complexity, globalization, energy consumption patterns and CO2 emissions in 12 energy-importing emerging economies from 1996 to 2020. Employing panel data analysis, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is utilized. The findings reveal a U-shaped relationship between economic complexity and air pollution, supporting the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory. Renewable energy demonstrates a significant ability to reduce CO2 emissions over the long term, while fossil fuel use exacerbates environmental degradation. Economic globalization is associated with increased...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(6):958-984 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1443
This study aims to examine whether the price exuberances in the prices of four main precious metals stem from their status as safe havens against economic uncertainty (proxied by the US EPU and Chinese CEPU indices). The findings reveal that the effects of both uncertainty measures on gold and silver prices, notably more pronounced in the case of the CEPU, persist for longer, particularly during the surge of uncertainty triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding highlights the safe-haven status of these metals, with a notable dominance of the CEPU in influencing the price dynamics of the gold and silver markets. However, as the observed price...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(6):923-957 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1441
Burnout is a widely studied issue that can have negative consequences for individuals. In this paper, we examine whether organizational culture and other included factors contribute to the presence of burnout symptoms (burnout indicators) during the COVID-19 period among public sector (public university) employees. Using factor and regression analysis, we found that organizational culture together with other individual aspects such as work-life balance and respondents' age can significantly influence the burnout indicators. The results are significant and robust at a given significance level. Our main contribution consists in the following: Firstly,...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(6):896-922 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1444
This article addresses the emergence of double-digit inflation in the Baltic states during 2022 and 2023, following decades of price stability. Utilizing monthly data spanning from January 2010 to February 2023, our study aims to comprehensively analyse the inflation dynamics in the Baltic context, considering both domestic and global factors. Through the application of the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) methodologies, we identify significant influences such as exchange rate fluctuations, food and energy price movements and geopolitical events, notably the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Our findings...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(6):867-895
The effects of the shadow economy on the environment have been amply documented in the literature; however, the relevance of financial inclusion and the unpredictability of economic policy are still up for debate. Therefore, this study examines the diverse effects of financial inclusion, shadow economies and economic policy on carbon emissions in 21 Sub-Saharan African countries from 2002 to 2019. To determine whether this hypothesis is true, this study uses the panel spatial correlation consistent (PSCC), method of moments quantile regression (MM-QR) and Dumitrescu-Hurlin (D-H) (2012) methodologies. The findings of the PSCC show that financial inclusion...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(6):841-866 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1442
The paper is a thematic analysis of 44 empirical studies that applied frontier techniques in analysing efficiency of Czech and Slovak commercial banks. The 44 journal articles were extracted from the Web of Science database and classified by prevailing research interest, methodological configuration and main findings in order to determine the state of the art and provide a starting point for further research in this subject area. The main research agenda of efficiency studies focused on Czech and Slovak banking was classified into eight relatively compact research interests ranging historically from effects of transition reforms to effects of asset...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(5):812-840 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1447
Practical analysis of the policies implemented by countries successful in the field of science and technology is crucial, especially in the context of optimal policy selection for countries needing technological development. In this context, ranking the world's countries in terms of technological development is important for increasing the effectiveness of the policies to be implemented in this field. This study ranks 28 OECD countries on seven key science and technology indicators in 2022 using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods. In the analysis, first, the importance of the variables was ranked based on the entropy method. Then, a ranking...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(5):780-811 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1433
Socio-economic and political systems are becoming increasingly unstable under the influence of various recent global events. The resilience of territorial units and their ability to respond to new challenges is significantly different in both the international and national context. In the presented work, we try to quantify the level of socio-economic resilience of Slovak regions and districts, while evaluating its state in time sections (2010 and 2020) capturing two crisis periods: the global economic and financial crisis and the onset of the crisis associated with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We use a set of indicators that reflect the demographic, economic,...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(5):752-779 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1426
Exchange rate expectations are a crucial element in the main monetary models. Therefore, this paper analyses the mechanism behind their formation. To achieve this, we analyse traditional expectation models using data from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) for the CZK/EUR currency pair. The data used cover one-year expectations in the period from January 2001 to December 2022, which are provided monthly by the Czech National Bank (CNB). The paper demonstrates the poor performance of the perfect expectation model. Furthermore, it demonstrates that traditional models, such as static, extrapolative, regressive and adaptive expectations, exhibit...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(5):727-751 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1421
In accord with international transfer pricing regulations, the borrower's creditworthiness is the main factor to be reflected in valuation of cross-border loan transactions between associated enterprises. However, trouble invariably arises for small and medium-sized enterprises that do not have an assigned credit rating. The aim of this paper is to determine the most reliable predictors of a company's credit rating for European entities facing missing rating coverage for the purpose of transfer pricing. Based on 2015-2019 data sourced from the Orbis database, the study examines key financial ratios and non-financial information that could be instrumental...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(4):702-726 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1436
Over a period of more than three decades from 1982 to 2019, this study examines the impact of financial globalization on financial development, taking into account differences between developed and developing countries. It also examines sub-indices of financial-development and provides a comprehensive perspective on the topic. The analyses in this study use the Durbin-Hausman panel cointegration test, which provides more precise and less biased results for panel data with a large number of units and the augmented mean group (AMG) estimator, which combines the advantages of both fixed-effects and random-effects estimators to provide more efficient and...
Politická ekonomie 2024, 72(4):676-701 | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1412
This study examines the significant influence of oil price fluctuations on the economies of oil--exporting countries. While elevated oil prices can result in foreign currency inflows and advantages for oil-exporting countries, they can also trigger adverse effects, including a reduction in manufacturing sectors and a loss of price competitiveness due to currency appreciation. This research focuses on the period from 2004Q1 to 2021Q4, examining the influence of oil price fluctuations on key macroeconomic indicators in Russia, including industrial production, exchange rates, inflation and interest rates. The structural VAR model findings confirm that...
