D43 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market ImperfectionNávrat zpět

D. Patinkin and R.W. Clower belong to the first criticists of the model IS-LM, and they have revealed its theoretical weaknesses. It was in the half of the sixties of the 20 century, i. e. at the time when there was nobody to make the effectiveness of the Keynes's policies dubious. These analyses have become a starting point of the theory of economic disequilibrium. It has reached its full development as late as in the seventies and eighties of the 20 century, especially in France. The research programme of the theory of economic disequilibrium is carried out by searching the microeconomic basic points of the Keynes macroeconomics. This proves, that although in the real economic life an economic subject tries to reach the optimum, he/she is forced to choose a solution which is not an optimum one. The fact that some economic subjects are subject to limitations has very important macroeconomic consequences, unemployment being one of them. The theory of economic disequilibrium brings some interesting facts into the analysis of recent unemployment. They are such facts as limitations, relative rigidity of wages, spill-over effect and finally reasoning the existence of unvoluntary unemployment. Due to these contributions it helped the creation of the new Keynes economy.

The paper presents in contribution the development of theories and opinions about competition, competitiveness and antimonopoly policy. These topics are treated starting from the oldest time, e.g. from Aristotle, through antique world, early capitalism, A. Smith and the classical Ricardian tradition. She further discusses the ruinous competition and the origin of the first framework of anti-trust legislation at the break of 19th and 20th centuries, Marx's interpretation of concentration tendencies of capitalist development and his followers, the origin of imperfect competition, ordoliberalism and the system of neoliberal politics and at last the dynamic theory of competition - concept of workable competition as well as theory of "balancing force" and the concept of so-called mature corporations.