C50 - Econometric Modeling: GeneralReturn

Today, society is struggling with the uncertainty caused by the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). Government budgets will face a real challenge in the coming years. This paper provides an overview of public finances and their condition over the past 20 years in the Slovak and Czech Republics. It investigates the possible effects of different tax type changes and also the option to cover budget losses. A simple dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with three sectors was calibrated using data from 2018 and a stochastic analysis was performed. It was shown that the economy was more sensitive to shocks on social security contributions than to those on other taxes. The results may help support a reform of decreasing labour taxes, for which both Slovakia and Czechia have been waiting for a long time.

Personal income taxation in the Czech Republic has undergone significant changes in the last 20 years. Among main changes is replacing of deductions from the tax base with tax credits in 2006, as well as linking income tax and contributions on compulsory insurance in the form of so-called super-gross wage with the simultaneous introduction of a flat tax rate and introduction of maximum assessment bases for compulsory contributions in 2008. In this paper, we quantify the fiscal impacts of significant changes using macroeconomic and microeconomic approaches. We compare the results within each other, but also with the expected fiscal impact stated in the explanatory reports of the amending laws. The results show good consistency in estimates of the fiscal impact of tax and contribution reforms and confirm four fiscally significant reforms from 2000 to 2018. The expected negative and positive effects of changes in income tax presented in the explanatory reports are generally lower than in our calculations. Improving the quantification of fiscal impacts is essential for the adoption of an efficient and rational tax policy.

The Impact of Indirect Taxes on Economic Growth The main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of indirect taxes on economic growth in a long term. The dynamic and static panel regression analysis methods were used to explore the relationship between observed variables. The models are based on neoclassical growth model extended by human capital. The models are verified using data on chosen European countries from time period 1970 to 2011 and from time period 2000 to 2011. Taxes are included into models by indicators of tax burden. It was used TQ, ITR and WTI. The results of empirical analysis revealed that impact of taxes on economic growth is negative in a long term. The most negative impact on economic growth was proven in case of direct taxes. Economic growth is influenced positively by indirect taxes. The statistical significance of corporate tax and property taxes were not proven.

The article is focused on the mutual relationship among effective tax burden, size of government spending and economic growth. Its aim is to verify the effect of taxation and government spending on economic growth, but also to verify the effect of taxation and economic growth on the size of government spending. The analysis is methodologically based on a panel VAR model where taxation is approximated by standard Tax Quota as well as an alternative World Tax Index (WTI), which was compiled by the authors. The data cover the period of 2005 - 2010 for the OECD countries. The results of empirical analyzes show that economic growth is positively influenced by government spending, while the effect of taxation is negative for all types of taxes. Government expenditures are negatively influenced by both economic growth and the size of the taxation. We come also to the conclusion that WTI is preferable approximator of the tax burden than the Tax Quota, and may be used in further empirical analyzes.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of taxation on long-term economic growth with special emphasis on corporate taxation using alternative indicator of tax burden which is called World Tax Index (WTI). The WTI was constructed by authors using hard data as well as soft data expressing qualified expert opinion gained from a questionnaire survey conducted among tax specialist from OECD countries. It is a multi-criteria index consisting of several sub-indices that deal with different groups of taxes, which are basically consistent with the classification according to the OECD. All the parts are used in further regression analysis to approximate the tax burden in growth model. As an alternative, also the tax quota is used, being the most applied indicator of tax burden. Results show that tax quota is not suitable for tax burden approximation, especially in case of corporate taxes or VAT. Corporate tax burden negatively influence long-term economic growth, as suggested by economic theory.

The aim of the paper is a verification of particular channels that taxation can influence economic growth by. It concerns an influence by capital accumulation and investments, technological development and human capital accumulation. The effects of total tax burden as well as of particular taxes are analyzed. Tax burden is approximated by tax quota and, in certain cases, by implicit tax rate. There is a method of Panel Data Estimation used, especially in the case of OECD countries sample, and all the common econometric tests are performed. The recommendations for economic policy makers are formulated on the basis of the analysis. Above all, they include the suggestion of overall tax quota reduction, especially the reduction of excise taxes and social security contributions. Concerning new member countries of European Union, there is a recommendation of further elimination of tax burden of corporations.

This paper deals with a broad and controversial part of microeconomic theory represented by the theory of the firm. An overview of the main line of criticism of the orthodox (classical) theory of the firm and also of the theories proposed as reactions to one or more aspects of this criticism is given. However, the attention is attached to managerial theories of the firm, which are represented especially by the models of Baumol, Williamson and Marris. In each case the assumptions of the particular theory are stated, followed by graphical and mathematical exposition of its main conclusions. Finally, the paper concludes with a brief discussion of the contributions and setbacks of managerial theories.

This contribution undertakes to outline the state space models and the recursive technique called the Kalman filter to a wider audience of the Czech economics readers. One can find both terms in a whole range of empirical studies from recent years. Following this approach also allows us among other things to model unobservable variables such as the potential output or the natural rate of unemployment. The primary motivation of this article is to bring a basic introduction to the reader who does not deal with the time series analysis on an everyday basis and to sketch the roots of state space models and the Kalman filter. Those who are interested can find more proper and rigorous description in the original literature.