Politická ekonomie X:X | DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1477

The Impact of Climate Change, Human Development and Use Internet on Poverty: Evidence from Panel Quantile Regression

Halim Tatli ORCID...
Halim Tatli (corresponding author, email: htatli@bingol.edu.tr), Bingol University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Bingol, Turkey

This paper examines the effects of climate change, human development, the use internet, and income inequality on poverty using 50 countries selected from high-, middle, and low-income countries between 2004 and 2020. After applying the panel unit root tests, the parameters are estimated using the quantile regression method. The results revealed that climate change has a statistically significant and positive effect on poverty in selected 50 countries. Also, the impact of the human development index and internet use are significant and negative. Findings revealed that income inequality has a positive effect on poverty. The one-way and two models, along with the fixed-effect, also verified the robustness of the results. Finally, the findings are discussed in terms of policy implications. Considering the findings of the study, it is recommended that policies be implemented to reduce the negative effects of climate change, improve human development, and increase internet use to reduce poverty.

Keywords: Poverty, climate change, climate change and poverty, human development and poverty, use internet and poverty

Received: July 18, 2024; Revised: October 15, 2024; Accepted: December 3, 2024; Prepublished online: September 18, 2025 

Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abrevaya, J., Dahl, C. M. (2008). The effects of birth inputs on birthweight: Evidence from quantile estimation on panel data. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 26(4), 379-397. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500107000000269 Go to original source...
    2. Adams Jr, R. H. (2004). Economic growth, inequality and poverty: Estimating the growth elasticity of poverty. World development, 32(12), 1989-2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.08.006 Go to original source...
    3. Afzal, A., Firdousi, S. F., Waqar, A., Awais, M. (2022). The influence of internet penetration on poverty and income inequality. Sage Open, 12(3), 21582440221116104. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221116 Go to original source...
    4. Ahluwalia, M. S. (1976). Inequality, poverty and development. Journal of development economics, 3(4), 307-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(76)90027-4 Go to original source...
    5. Ahmad, M. S., Saranani, F., Rumbia, W. A. (2019). The Impact of Human Development Index on Poverty in Southeast Sulawesi. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 6 (12), 30 - 36. https://doi.org/10.14445/23939125/IJEMS-V6I12P104 Go to original source...
    6. Ali, A. A. G., Thorbecke, E. (2000). The state and path of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some preliminary results. Journal of African Economies, 9(1), 9-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/jafeco/9.Supplement_1.9 Go to original source...
    7. Amponsah, M., Agbola, F. W., & Mahmood, A. (2023). The relationship between poverty, income inequality and inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Modelling, 126, 106415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106415 Go to original source...
    8. Anand, S., Ravallion, M. (2013). Human development in poor countries: On the role of private incomes and public services. Journal of economic perspectives, 7(1), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.1.133 Go to original source...
    9. Angelsen, A., Dokken, T. (2015). Environmental reliance, climate exposure, and vulnerability: A cross-section analysis of structural and stochastic poverty. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7474). Go to original source...
    10. Anwar, A., Malik, S., Ahmad, P. (2022). Cogitating the role of technological innovation and institutional quality in formulating the sustainable development goal policies for E7 countries: Evidence from quantile regression. Global Business Review, 09721509211072657. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509211072657 Go to original source...
    11. Apergis, N., Dincer, O., Payne, J. E. (2011). On the dynamics of poverty and income inequality in US states. Journal of Economic Studies, 38(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581111128370 Go to original source...
    12. Arimah, B. (2004). Poverty reduction and human development in Africa. Journal of Human Development, 5(3), 399-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464988042000277260 Go to original source...
    13. Asadullah, M. N., Mansor, N., Savoia, A. (2021). Understanding a "development miracle": poverty reduction and human development in Malaysia since the 1970s. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 22(4), 551-576. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2021.1975664 Go to original source...
    14. Arouri, M., Nguyen, C., Youssef, A. B. (2015). Natural disasters, household welfare, and resilience: evidence from rural Vietnam. World development, 70, 59-77. Go to original source...
    15. Awad, A., Warsame, M. H. (2022). The poverty-environment nexus in developing countries: Evidence from heterogeneous panel causality methods, robust to cross-sectional dependence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 331, 129839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129839 Go to original source...
    16. Azzarri, C., Signorelli, S. (2020). Climate and poverty in Africa South of the Sahara. World Development, 125, 104691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104691 Go to original source...
    17. Baloch, M. A., Khan, S. U. D., Ulucak, Z. Ş., Ahmad, A. (2020). Analyzing the relationship between poverty, income inequality, and CO2 emission in Sub-Saharan African countries. Science of the Total Environment, 740, 139867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139867 Go to original source...
    18. Barbier, E. B., Hochard, J. P. (2018). Poverty, rural population distribution and climate change. Environment and Development Economics, 23(3), 234-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X17000353 Go to original source...
    19. Bergstrom, K. (2022). The role of income inequality for poverty reduction. The World Bank Economic Review, 36(3), 583-604. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhab026 Go to original source...
    20. Besley, T., & Burgess, R. (2003). Halving global poverty. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(3), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003769204335 Go to original source...
    21. Beuermann, D. W., McKelvey, C., Vakis, R. (2012). Mobile phones and economic development in Rural Peru. Journal of Development Studies, 48(11), 1617-1628. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2012.709615 Go to original source...
    22. Birkmann J., Liwenga E., Pandey R., Boyd E., Djalante R., Gemenne F., Leal Filho W., Pinho P. F., Stringer L., Wrathall D. (2022). "Poverty, Livelihoods and Sustainable Development." In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, edited by Pörtner H.-O.,Roberts D. C., TignorM., PoloczanskaE. S., MintenbeckK., AlegríaA.,
    23. Bleemer, Z., Van der Klaauw, W. (2017). Disaster (over-) insurance: The long-term financial and socioeconomic consequences of Hurricane Katrina. Federal Reserve Bank of New York (No. 807). Staff Report.
    24. Bloom, D. E., Canning, D. (2000). The health and wealth of nations. Science, 287(5456), 1207-1209. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5456.1207 Go to original source...
    25. Bolarinwa, S. T., Simatele, M. (2024). Informality and the climate change-poverty nexus: empirical evidence from African countries. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 13(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2023.2195684 Go to original source...
    26. Bui, A. T., Dungey, M., Nguyen, C. V., Pham, T. P. (2014). The impact of natural disasters on household income, expenditure, poverty and inequality: evidence from Vietnam. Applied Economics, 46(15), 1751-1766. Go to original source...
    27. Carter, M. R., Little, P. D., Mogues, T., Negatu, W. (2007). Poverty traps and natural disasters in Ethiopia and Honduras. World Development, 35(5), 835-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.09.010 Go to original source...
    28. Chien, F., Anwar, A., Hsu, C. C., Sharif, A., Razzaq, A., Sinha, A. (2021). The role of information and communication technology in encountering environmental degradation: proposing an SDG framework for the BRICS countries. Technology in Society, 65, 101587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101587 Go to original source...
    29. Cremin, P., Nakabugo, M. G. (2012). Education, development and poverty reduction: A literature critique. International Journal of Educational Development, 32(4), 499-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.02.015 Go to original source...
    30. Dang, H. A. H., Hallegatte, S., Trinh, T. A. (2024). Does global warming worsen poverty and inequality? An updated review. Journal of Economic Surveys. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12636 Go to original source...
    31. Dang, H. A. H., Nguyen, M. C., Trinh, T. A. (2023). Does hotter temperature increase poverty and inequality? Global evidence from subnational data analysis. III Working Papers (104). International Inequalities Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK. Go to original source...
    32. Datt, G., Ravallion, M. (1992). Growth and redistribution components of changes in poverty measures: A decomposition with applications to Brazil and India in the 1980s. Journal of development economics, 38(2), 275-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(92)90001-P Go to original source...
    33. DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., Smith, J. C. (2015). Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014. U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Reports P60-252. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
    34. Deryugina, T., Hsiang, S. M. (2014). Does the environment still matter? Daily temperature and income in the United States (No. w20750). National Bureau of Economic Research. Go to original source...
    35. Eichsteller, M., Njagi, T., Nyukuri, E. (2022). The role of agriculture in poverty escapes in Kenya-developing a capabilities approach in the context of climate change. World Development, 149, 105705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105705 Go to original source...
    36. El Hasanah, L. L. N., Panjawa, J. L., Prastowo, P., Prakoso, J. A. (2022). How Human Development Effect Poverty Alleviation in Origin and Expansion Regions?. MIMBAR: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 38(1), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v0i0.8514 Go to original source...
    37. Engle, R. F., Manganelli, S. (2004). CAViaR: Conditional autoregressive value at risk by regression quantiles. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 22(4), 367-381. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500104000000370 Go to original source...
    38. Erdogan, S., Pata, U. K., Solarin, S. A. (2023). Towards Carbon-Neutral World: The Effect of Renewable Energy İnvestments and Technologies in G7 Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 186, 113683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113683 Go to original source...
    39. Fosu, A. K. (2010a). Does inequality constrain poverty reduction programs? Evidence from Africa. Journal of Policy Modeling, 32(6), 818-827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2010.08.007 Go to original source...
    40. Fosu, A. K. (2010b). Inequality, income, and poverty: Comparative global evidence. Social Science Quarterly, 91(5), 1432-1446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00739.x Go to original source...
    41. González, F. A. I., Santos, M. E., & London, S. (2022). Multidimensional poverty and natural disasters in Argentina (1970-2010). Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 23(2), 206-227. Go to original source...
    42. Graff Zivin, J., Hsiang, S. M., Neidell, M. (2018). Temperature and human capital in the short and long run. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 5(1), 77-105. Go to original source...
    43. Hallegatte, S., Fay, M., Barbier, E. B. (2018). Poverty and climate change: introduction. Environment and Development Economics, 23(3), 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X18000141 Go to original source...
    44. Hallegatte, S., Rozenberg, J. (2017). Climate change through a poverty lens. Nature Climate Change, 7(4), 250-256. Go to original source...
    45. Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M., Rozenberg, J. (2017). Unbreakable: building the resilience of the poor in the face of natural disasters. World Bank Publications. Go to original source...
    46. Hallegatte, S., Bangalore, M., Bonzanigo, L., et al. (2017). Shock waves: Managing the impacts of climate change on poverty. World Bank.
    47. Hondroyiannis, G., Papapetrou, E., Tsalaporta, P. (2022). New insights on the contribution of human capital to environmental degradation: evidence from heterogeneous and cross-correlated countries. Energy Economics, 116, 106416 Go to original source...
    48. Honohan, P. (2004). Inequality and poverty. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(2), 271-272. Go to original source...
    49. Ibrahim, V. H., Taiga, U. U. (2020). Income inequality and poverty in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 11(3), 7-14.
    50. IMF (2023). Annual Surface Temperature Change, Change Indicators Dashboard, [Retrieved 2012-28-12] Available at: https://climatedata.imf.org/datasets/4063314923d74187be9596f10d034914/explore
    51. IPCC (2007). The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996, 2007. [Retrieved 2012-02-05] Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch.
    52. IPCC (2023). "Summary for Policymakers." In Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, edited by Lee H., Romero J. [Core Writing Team], 1-34. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
    53. Jamaliah, J., Elyta, E. (2022). The Effect of Human Development Index (HDI) on Poverty and Crime in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Khazanah Sosial, 4(1), 119-130. Go to original source...
    54. Jarque, C. M., Bera, A. K. (1980). Efficient tests for normality, homoscedasticity and serial independence of regression residuals. Economics letters, 6(3), 255-259. Go to original source...
    55. Kaila, H., Tarp, F. (2019). Can the Internet improve agricultural production? Evidence from Viet Nam. Agricultural Economics, 50(6), 675-691. Go to original source...
    56. Kakwani, N. (1993). Poverty and economic growth with application to Côte d'Ivoire. Review of income and wealth, 39(2), 121-139. Go to original source...
    57. Kalkuhl, M., Wenz, L. (2020). The impact of climate conditions on economic production. Evidence from a global panel of regions. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 103, 102360. Go to original source...
    58. Kalli, R., Jena, P.R. (2022), "How large is the farm income loss due to climate change? Evidence from India", China Agricultural Economic Review, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-11-2020-0275 Go to original source...
    59. Khan, M. A., Khan, M. Z., Zaman, K., Hassan, U., Umar, S. (2014). Global estimates of growth-inequality-poverty (GIP) triangle: evidence from World Bank's classification countries. Quality & Quantity, 48, 2631-2646. Go to original source...
    60. Koçak, E., Çelik, B. (2022). The nexus between access to energy, poverty reduction and PM2. 5 in Sub-Saharan Africa: New evidence from the generalized method of moments estimators. Science of The Total Environment, 827, 154377. Go to original source...
    61. Koenker, R. (2004). Quantile regression for longitudinal data. Journal of multivariate analysis, 91(1), 74-89. Go to original source...
    62. Koenker, R., Bassett Jr, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 33-50. Go to original source...
    63. Koenker, R., Bassett Jr, G. (1982). Robust tests for heteroscedasticity based on regression quantiles. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 43-61. Go to original source...
    64. Kotz, M., Levermann, A., Wenz, L. (2022). The effect of rainfall changes on economic production. Nature, 601(7892), 223-227. Go to original source...
    65. Krishna, A. (2006). Pathways out of and into poverty in 36 villages of Andhra Pradesh, India. World development, 34(2), 271-288. Go to original source...
    66. Lankes, H. P., Macquarie, R., Soubeyran, É., Stern, N. (2024). The Relationship between Climate Action and Poverty Reduction. The World Bank Research Observer, 39(1), 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkad011 Go to original source...
    67. Li, H., Liu, M., Lu, Q. (2024). Impact of climate change on household development resilience: Evidence from rural China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 139689. Go to original source...
    68. Liu, H., Anwar, A., Razzaq, A., Yang, L. (2022). The key role of renewable energy consumption, technological innovation and institutional quality in formulating the SDG policies for emerging economies: evidence from quantile regression. Energy Reports, 8, 11810-11824. Go to original source...
    69. Liu, Y., Ali, M. S. E., Cong, P. T. (2023). Nexus between economic policy uncertainty and green growth in BRICS countries: evidence from panel quantile regression. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-12. Go to original source...
    70. López-Feldman, A. (2014). Shocks, income and wealth: do they affect the extraction of natural resources by rural households?. World development, 64, S91-S100. Go to original source...
    71. Ma, W., Renwick, A., Nie, P., Tang, J., Cai, R. (2018). Off-farm work, smartphone use and household income: Evidence from rural China. China Economic Review, 52, 80-94. Go to original source...
    72. Mahmood, N., Zhao, Y., Lou, Q., Geng, J. (2022). Role of environmental regulations and eco-innovation in energy structure transition for green growth: Evidence from OECD. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 183, 121890. Go to original source...
    73. Marrero, G. A., Servén, L. (2022). Growth, inequality and poverty: A robust relationship?. Empirical Economics, 63(2), 725-791. Go to original source...
    74. Masron, T. A., Subramaniam, Y. (2019). Does poverty cause environmental degradation? Evidence from developing countries. Journal of poverty, 23(1), 44-64. doi:0.1080/10875549.2018.1500969 Go to original source...
    75. May, J., Dutton, V., Munyakazi, L. (2011, October). Information and communication technologies as an escape from poverty traps: Evidence from East Africa. In International Conference on New Evidence on Poverty Traps, Paris (pp. 6-7).
    76. Mora-Rivera, J., García-Mora, F. (2021). Internet access and poverty reduction: Evidence from rural and urban Mexico. Telecommunications Policy, 45(2), 102076. Go to original source...
    77. Mukhtar, S., Saptono, A., Arifin, A. S. (2019). The Analysis of The Effects of Human Development Index and Opened Unemployment Levels to The Poverty in Indonesia. Journal of Ecoplan, 2(2), 77-89. Go to original source...
    78. Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. T., Grote, U. (2022). Internet use, natural resource extraction and poverty reduction in rural Thailand. Ecological Economics, 196, 107417. Go to original source...
    79. Pardita, D. P. Y., Darma, I. K., Putra, I. K., Purnami, A. A. S. (2024). Human Development and Poverty in Indonesia. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 7(8). 4856-4860. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v7-i8-08 Go to original source...
    80. Park, R. J., Behrer, A. P., Goodman, J. (2021). Learning is inhibited by heat exposure, both internationally and within the United States. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(1), 19-27. Go to original source...
    81. Pata, U. K., Caglar, A. E., Kartal, M. T., Depren, S. K. (2023a). Evaluation of the role of clean energy technologies, human capital, urbanization, and income on the environmental quality in the United States. Journal of Cleaner Production, 402, 136802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136802 Go to original source...
    82. Pata, U. K., Erdogan, S., Ozcan, B. (2023b). Evaluating the role of the share and intensity of renewable energy for sustainable development in Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production, 421, 138482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138482 Go to original source...
    83. Pata, U. K., Ertugrul, H. M. (2023). Do the Kyoto Protocol, geopolitical risks, human capital and natural resources affect the sustainability limit? A new environmental approach based on the LCC hypothesis. Resources Policy, 81, 103352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103352 Go to original source...
    84. Pata, U. K., Kartal, M. T., Mukhtarov, S. (2024). Technological changes and carbon neutrality targets in European countries: A sustainability approach with Fourier approximations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 198, 122994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122994 Go to original source...
    85. Paunov, C., Rollo, V. (2016). Has the Internet fostered inclusive innovation in the developing world? World Development, 78, 587-609. Go to original source...
    86. Pesaran, M. H. (2004). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012. Go to original source...
    87. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. Go to original source...
    88. Pesaran, M. H., Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. Go to original source...
    89. Phan, V. P. (2023). Is the internet penetration pro-poor? Evidence from a panel data analysis. Telecommunications Policy, 47(8), 102612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102612 Go to original source...
    90. Qasim, M., Pervaiz, Z., Chaudhary, A. R. (2020). Do poverty and income inequality mediate the association between agricultural land inequality and human development?. Social Indicators Research, 151(1), 115-134. Go to original source...
    91. Ravallion, M. (2000). Should poverty measures be anchored to the national accounts?. Economic and Political Weekly, 3245-3252.
    92. Ravallion, M. (2001). Growth, inequality and poverty: looking beyond averages. World development, 29(11), 1803-1815. Go to original source...
    93. Ravallion, M. (2005a). "Pro-Poor Growth: A Primer." World Bank Policy Research Working paper no. 3242, The World Bank Go to original source...
    94. Ravallion, M. (2005b). A poverty-inequality trade off?. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 3, 169-181. Go to original source...
    95. Robinson, E. J. (2016). Resource-dependent livelihoods and the natural resource base. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 8, 281-301. Go to original source...
    96. Robinson, S. (1976). A note on the U hypothesis relating income inequality and economic development. The American economic review, 66(3), 437-440.
    97. SDG, (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019. [Retrieved 2023-15-12] Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdf
    98. Sen, Amartya (1999). Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    99. Sen, B. (2003). Drivers of escape and descent: changing household fortunes in rural Bangladesh. World development, 31(3), 513-534. Go to original source...
    100. Singh, R. (2012). Human development index and poverty linkages. International Journals of Marketing and Technology, 2(5), 219-230.
    101. Sofilda, E., Hamzah, M., Sholeh, A. (2013). Human development and poverty in Papua Province (An analysis of simultaneous approach on panel data regression). OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(06), 51-62.
    102. Tilak, J. B. (2002). Education and poverty. Journal of human development, 3(2), 191-207. Go to original source...
    103. UNDP (1999).Human Development Report 1999. Oxford University Press, New York
    104. UNDP (2000). Human Development Report 2000. Oxford University Press, New York
    105. UNDP (2023).Human Development Reports. Accessed January 15, 2024. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI
    106. WB. (2023). "World Development Indicators (WDI)." Accessed December 22, 2023. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators.
    107. WB. (2024). Measuring Poverty, Accessed April 26, 2024. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/measuringpoverty
    108. Wen, Y., Shabbir, M. S., Haseeb, M., Kamal, M., Anwar, A., Khan, M. F., Malik, S. (2022). The dynamic effect of information and communication technology and renewable energy on CO2 emission: Fresh evidence from panel quantile regression. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 953035. Go to original source...
    109. WMO (World Meteorological Organization). (2021). "WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes." WMO-No. 1267
    110. Xie, H., Zhang, J.,Shao, J. (2023). Difference in the influence of internet use on the relative poverty among farmers with different income structures. Economic Analysis and Policy, 78, 561-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.03.022 Go to original source...
    111. Yang, L., Lu, H., Wang, S., Li, M. (2021). Mobile internet use and multidimensional poverty: Evidence from a household survey in rural China. Social Indicators Research, 158(3), 1065-1086. Go to original source...
    112. Yu, K., Lu, Z., Stander, J. (2003). Quantile regression: applications and current research areas. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician). 52, 331-350. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9884.00363 Go to original source...
    113. Zhao, J., Jiang, Q., Dong, X., Dong, K. (2021). Assessing energy poverty and its effect on CO2 emissions: the case of China. Energy economics, 97, 105191. Go to original source...
    114. Zhu, X., Li, X., Gong, J., Xu, J. (2022). Technology empowerment: A path to poverty alleviation for Chinese women from the perspective of development communication. Telecommunications Policy, 46(6), 102328. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return